Opinion
The Great Ifẹ̀ Empire and Its Legacy: A Blueprint for Mending Our Broken World- Akin Ogundiran
Excerpts of the Keynote Address Presented at the Opening of the International Conference, “Ile-Ife and Yoruba Civilisation: The Nexus between Tradition and Modernity,” at Ojaja Arena, Ile-Ife, October 10, 2023

I pay homage to His Imperial Majesty, Ọ̀ọ̀ni Adéyẹyè Ẹniìtàn Babatúndé Ògúnwùsì, Ọ̀jájá II. I salute government representatives, all the Ọba, Olori, Chieftains, Princes and Princesses, Vice Chancellors, University Administrators, Fellow Scholars, and Conferees—distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen. I am honored to join you this morning. I commend the Imperial Majesty for his vision and generous support for this conference on Yoruba history. My commendation also goes to the conference conveners led by eminent historian Professor Siyan.
In the next three days, the conferees will explore different aspects of Ife history, ancient, recent, and contemporary. They will do so from several disciplinary angles. A multigenerational cast of speakers will showcase their recent discoveries from archaeology to archives, oral tradition to rituals. My contribution this morning focuses on answering the following questions: How can we use the past to guide our present? How can the true knowledge of our history, unmitigated by politics and ideology, set us free from the bondage of ignorance that has broken our world?
Distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I chose “The Great Ifẹ̀ Empire and Its Legacy: A Blueprint for Mending Our Broken World” as the title of my keynote address because of my sincere belief that history has a purpose. In our clime, the ultimate purpose of historical study is to uplift our spirit, explain how we got here, and use historical knowledge to restore and repair our broken selves. Like many of you at this conference, I am committed to studying history so I can use the knowledge of the past to create a new mirror that we can use to look at ourselves. Those who use other people’s mirrors to look at themselves are bound to see distorted images of themselves. The mirrors we create must give us a balanced view of who we are as a people and account for the brilliance and shortcomings that make us human.
The Yoruba believe that Ile-Ife is the origin of their civilization. A century of historical and archaeological research has confirmed this. It also shows that the origin of the civilization is different from the origin of the deep-time Yoruba-speaking people. Those ultimate Yoruba ancestors (proto-Yoruboid) originated from the western part of the Niger-Benue Confluence in the present-day Okun-Yoruba area as early as 2,500 BC. This research has also given us insights into how Ile-Ife spearheaded a revolution about 1000 AD that gave birth to the present-day Yoruba cultural identity. The name, Ile-Ife, hints at how special this city was over the past 1,000 years.
Contrary to the oft-repeated folk etymology, Ile-Ife does not mean “House of Love.” Rather, it means “House of Abundance” and “House of Expansion.” The ancient city also has several aliases, such as “City of Daybreak,” City of Sunrise,” and “The Source.” These names and monikers illustrate the Yoruba belief that Ile-Ife is the ground zero of humanity. It is the place where the earth and humanity were created. The Yoruba ancestors knew that what makes us human is not biology. It is culture and consciousness. So, these labels refer to Ile-Ife as the birthplace of classical Yoruba civilization as we know it.
Historical records show that Ile-Ife occupies a special place in African history. When Ibn Battuta, the Berber-Moroccan traveler, visited the Mali Empire in 1352-53, he was told about Ile-Ife as one of the biggest kingdoms in Africa and its king (the Ọ̀ọ̀ni) as one of the greatest kings in the Land of the Black People (Sudan). Duarte Pereira Pacheco, the Portuguese explorer and soldier, was informed in the court of the King of Benin in 1475 that the King of Ile-Ife was the mighty lord of the region, and the explorer likened the status of the Ọ̀ọ̀ni (Oghoni/Owoni) among the Blacks as similar to that of the Pope among the Europeans. The people of Oyo (Old Oyo) told Richard Landers in 1830 that it was in Ile-Ife where their first parents were created and from where all Africa was peopled. The Yoruba people that Leo Frobenius (German scholar) met in Timbuktu (Mali) in 1909 told him that their forebears originated from Ile-Ife and turned into stones which are to be found in Ile-Ife.
The accomplishments of Ile-Ife in arts, science, technology, commerce, statecraft, religion, and philosophy are the reasons for this fame. Based on archaeological research that several scholars and I have done in Ile-Ife and other parts of Yorubaland, we now know that Ile-Ife is the oldest continuously occupied city in West Africa. Its leaders developed one of the oldest urban planning systems in West African history.
Ile-Ife was one of Africa’s most powerful economic engines during its heyday, 700 to 1000 years ago. The city was famous for glass, iron, and steel production, and its products were sold as far as Ghana and Mali Empires during the eleventh through fourteenth centuries. The material scientists of Ile-Ife invented a unique glass technology, and the city’s political leaders and merchants used this technology to create a glass-bead currency system that integrated the economy of many parts of West Africa, from Igbo-Ukwu in present-day Nigeria to Walata in Mauretania. This is a feat that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has yet to accomplish. Through its glass industry, Ile-Ife was a pacesetter in African history on the principle of technological independence. By 1200 AD, the political entrepreneurs of Ile-Ife had converted their vast networks of colonies, trading stations, and client states into the first empire in Yorubaland. It is also the first empire in all parts of Africa that lie south of the River Niger, from Lokoja (Nigeria) to Cape Town (South Africa).
Ancient Ile-Ife was also a centre of learning in all branches of science and arts, including philosophy, material chemistry, Ifa divination, and astronomy. This Yoruba city was a contemporary of other intellectual cities in the world, such as Oxford and Cambridge in the United Kingdom and Timbuktu in present-day Mali. As a centre of education, research, knowledge, pilgrimage, and high art, Ile-Ife was a tourist center, attracting visitors across West Africa.
Unfortunately, the above stories are not taught in Nigerian schools, from nursery to the university. There is hardly a home in Nigeria that is aware of these accomplishments. Even some of our elders and traditional rulers who should know better often mislead us with wrong stories that cater to their ego rather than scientific, historical information. This lack of knowledge about our past is a symptom of our broken world. It is a world beset with little regard for knowledge and innovation and the discipline that goes with it. No respect for human dignity and life. I’m talking of a world where the gaps between political leadership and common people widen daily. In this broken world, there is a lack of confidence and appreciation for African indigenous culture and history, and the priority of the general population is the consumption of imported goods over locally produced goods.
We can’t blame the poorly educated and ill-informed citizens for thinking their ancestors accomplished nothing and that their salvation lies outside the shores of their country, in the hands of those who look different from them. This conference must energize us to re-educate the youth and the old so they can become conscious of the depth and richness of African history. With that consciousness, we will understand that Ile-Ife anticipated and accomplished many aspects of modernity that we often erroneously attribute to the Europeans. In ancient Ile-Ife, respect for human dignity, including people with disabilities, was promoted as the foundational ethos of civilization. In Ile-Ife, it was required that citizens must be educated and become knowledgeable in history, philosophy, arts, and crafts. The Ife ancestors also developed indirect democracy, a system that curtailed and, for the most part, prevented autocracy. They reminded us that you cannot have a true democracy where there is scarcity, hunger, and insecurity. To this end, the philosophers and economic planners of classical Ile-Ife developed an economic theory that was based on the principle of abundance. This is opposed to the principle of scarcity that drives Western economic theories today.
To begin to mend our broken world, our political leaders, educators, teachers, and university administrators must be deliberate and strategic in integrating the accomplishments of the Ife Empire into the history curriculum, noting that these accomplishments are the pride of all Africans, not the Yoruba people alone.
This conference is the beginning of a long conversation and action plan that must be put in place. It cannot achieve everything our royal father and conveners have outlined as the rationale for this three-day gathering. There is so much we still do not know about the history of Ile-Ife and the Yoruba. Therefore, we must continue searching and studying. To convert our talk into action that will yield long-lasting desired results, I urge Ọ̀ọ̀ni Ogunwusi to use his vast social networks and influence to coordinate the setting up of a 100 Billion Naira Global Endowment Fund for Yoruba Historical and Cultural Research. The priority is to use the fund to create a Center for the Advancement of Yoruba Studies that will coordinate such research endeavors, build a top-notch ultra-modern Museum and Library of Yoruba Civilization in Ile-Ife, and provide year-to-year research grants and fellowships for the study of Yoruba archaeology and history.
Every Oba in Yorubaland must also take up the challenge to work towards establishing a Museum of History and Culture in their respective towns and cities. They should rally their sons and daughters at home and abroad to fund and establish these museums. This proposition is not an assignment for the federal, state, or local government. It must be solely a community effort. When you visit any European town or village, they will take you first to their museums. Sometimes, a European town of 5,000 people will have ten museums that tell different aspects of the town’s history. Yoruba towns and cities have as deep a history as those European towns if we can learn to tell our stories with imagination and historical evidence. This is a task we must pursue. We owe it as a duty to our ancestors and the unborn generations. Thank you.
Akin Ogundiran is a Professor of History and Cardiss Collins Professor of Arts and Sciences at Northwestern University (Evanston, USA), President-Elect of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, and a Member of the Nigerian Academy of Letters. He is the author of The Yoruba: A New History (2020).
Opinion
Tompolo, Otuaro’s Organic Door-to-Door Rallies Tinubu’s Re-election By Sebastine Ebhuomhan
Tuesday, 21st July, 2026. Abuja. On Thursday, 9th July, 2026, the PBAT Door-to-Door Movement, a grassroots political platform for mobilising voters for the re-election of the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Senator Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, inaugurated its national leaders.
The ceremony at the Events Centre of the Transcorp Hilton in Abuja, attracted attendants from the low, high, mighty and very important personalities, and successfully projected the president’s re-election campaign as a mission majority of citizens are committed to actualise, contrary to erroneous opposition claims.
As a sign of approval, heaven opened its firmament for showers of blessings very early in the morning and, again, in the afternoon with torrential rains and thunderstorms that left flash floods on roads. Yet, the inclement weather did not stop supporters of the president from the All Progressives Congress (APC) and other political parties from converging at the Transcorp Hilton.
Addressing members of the movement, President of the Senate of the Federal Republic, Chief Godswill Akpabio, GCON, who represented President Tinubu, charged supporters of the president to knock on every door, respectfully, and canvass for votes to re-elect him for a constitutional second term.
“Knock on every door with respect. When they open, listen before you explain. Convince them with facts,” Akpabio stated.
Echoing the advice of the National Assembly leader, the National Chairman of the APC, Professor Nentawe Goshwe Yilwatda urged the movement to by-pass no door as they canvass for votes for the party’s national leader, Tinubu.
“Your assignment is simple. Knock on every door. Move from house to house. Elections are not won on television or social media. They are won in marketplaces and in villages. 2027 is a choice between moving forward and moving backward. A choice between reform and retreat.
“Every door you knock on will become a vote and every heart you win will become a voice that will echo the Renewed Hope Agenda of our party,” Yilwatda stimulated the movement.
The PBAT Door-to-Door Movement was founded by the rights activist, High Chief (Dr.) Government Oweizide Ekpemupolo, alias Tompolo, who also nurtures the movement as its Grand Patron.
A detribalised Nigerian from Gbaramatu Community in Ijaw Land, Warri South West Local Government Area of Delta State, Tompolo is the founder and chairman of Tantita Security Services Nigeria Limited (TSSNL), a leading Nigerian indigenous security firm protecting and securing Nigeria’s oil and gas facilities, to whose patriotism Nigeria owes a big gratitude for the huge revenues currently deriving from a higher crude oil production that stands at 1.8 million barrels per day, today.
Explaining how Tinubu’s genuine love for Nigeria inspired the formation, Tompolo said, “Tinubu has done a lot for this country, the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The people are ready to support him to do more when properly enlightened and galvanised.
“The people are ready to reward his genuine and transparent love in 2027 and this movement is an affirmation of our appreciation and goodwill to ensure that President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, gets votes from every home in Nigeria for his re-election and consequential prosperity of the nation.”
Fondly called the ‘General Officer Commanding’ (GOC) of the Niger Delta, Tompolo is a successful Niger Delta leader, who is highly respected by men and women of all walks of life, who are proven and successful in different fields of endeavours.
At the forefront of Tompolo’s men and women driven by altruism and patriotism, a force in the reckoning of the PBAT Door-to-Door Movement’s success, is the Administrator of …
Opinion
Inside Nigeria’s “Ghost Government”: How A Phantom Agency Allegedly Penetrated The Presidency And What They’re Not Saying
By: Faleye Oluwatosin Simon
In Abuja’s power corridors, there is a quiet rule everyone understands but rarely admits: not everything that operates within government is officially recognized, and not everything officially recognized is legitimate.
That is why the unfolding scandal around Prince Adeniyi Matthew is less shocking to insiders and more embarrassing to those now pretending it couldn’t have happened.
Because the real story is not that a man allegedly created a fake agency. The real story is how the system made room for him.
According to the presidency, Matthew allegedly forged documents and paraded himself as Director-General of a non-existent entity the Presidential Foreign Intervention Promotion Council. On paper, it sounds like a crude scam. But inside Abuja, this is where the narrative begins to fall apart.
Sources within the bureaucracy quietly admit that access at that level is never accidental.
You don’t just walk into the Federal Secretariat and secure office space without someone “clearing” you. You don’t operate a government-linked account without institutional touchpoints. You certainly don’t get a line item in the national budget ₦1.3 billion, no less without passing through layers of review, endorsements, and approvals.
So, who signed off?
That is the question the official statements are carefully avoiding.
Because what is being presented as a lone actor’s deception looks, to those familiar with the system, like something far more structured: a convergence of influence, silence, and complicity.
Inside sources suggest that what often passes for “verification” in government circles is little more than paperwork and perceived backing. Once a file carries the right stamps or appears to originate from the right office doors open. Questions disappear. And responsibility becomes everyone’s and no one’s at the same time.
It is a system where legitimacy is not always proven it is assumed.
And Matthew, allegedly, understood that better than most.
The speed and depth of his access raise uncomfortable realities. Meetings with ministers. Engagements with ambassadors. Strategic sessions that should have triggered background checks at multiple levels. Yet nothing happened.
Not because no one noticed but because no one wanted to be the one to ask.
In Abuja, questioning authority is often seen as career suicide. Delaying a “presidential initiative” can end postings. Challenging a figure who appears connected can isolate you within the system.
So people comply. Files move. Meetings hold.
And the illusion becomes real.
Even more telling is how the situation reportedly unravelled not through internal safeguards but through external friction. It was the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission raising concerns about overlapping mandates that forced attention onto the so-called agency.
In other words, the system didn’t catch the anomaly. It tripped over it.
Then comes the most explosive layer Matthew’s own allegations.
His claims that senior figures demanded billions from the agency’s take-off funds and facilitated his appointment for hundreds of millions of naira may be dismissed officially. But within insider circles, such allegations are not treated as outrageous they are treated as familiar.
Because the uncomfortable truth is this: the structure he allegedly exploited is the same structure many operate within just with more discretion.
This is where the Presidency’s narrative begins to look less like a full explanation and more like damage control.
Framing this as a simple case of forgery isolates the problem. It suggests the system worked that a bad actor slipped through but was eventually caught.
But the timeline tells a different story.
This was not a breach. It was prolonged access.
This was not deception at the gates. It was acceptance at the table.
And until there is transparency around who approved what, who endorsed whom, and who looked the other way, the official version will remain incomplete.
Here is the question insiders are already asking:
Was this man truly operating alone or did he simply become the most visible face of a system that routinely blurs the line between formal authority and informal power?
Nigeria does not just have a problem with fraud.
It has a parallel governance problem where influence can manufacture legitimacy, and legitimacy can be rented long enough to become reality.
Until that shadow system is confronted, exposed, and dismantled, this will not be the last “ghost agency.”
It will simply be the one that got caught.
By: Faleye Oluwatosin Simon
News
The Abiodun Effect: Infrastructure, Industry and Ogun’s Economic Transformation By Kayode Akinmade
How Strategic Investments, Fiscal Reforms, Industrial Expansion and Bold Infrastructure Projects Propelled Ogun State to Become Nigeria’s Second Best-Performing State and One of the Nation’s Fastest-Growing Economies
When the 2025 State Performance Index (pSPI), released by Phillips Consulting, ranked Ogun State second only to Lagos among Nigeria’s 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, it validated what years of strategic investments in infrastructure, industrialisation, logistics, and fiscal reforms had already signposted.
Since assuming office on May 29, 2019, Governor Dapo Abiodun has pursued a development agenda anchored on connectivity, economic expansion, and sustainable revenue growth. The result is a state increasingly regarded as one of Nigeria’s most competitive destinations for investment and industrial activity.
Importantly, the pSPI is not a political award. The index combines 70 per cent objective performance data drawn from audited records covering fiscal management, infrastructure, healthcare, education, and economic output, with 30 per cent citizen perception surveys. Ogun’s emergence as the nation’s second-best performing state reflects measurable outcomes rather than political sentiment.
## Economic Growth Backed by Data
Any assessment of Ogun State’s transformation begins with the numbers.
When Governor Abiodun took office in 2019, the state’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) stood at approximately ₦2.9 trillion. By 2024, it had risen to ₦7.3 trillion, while projections based on expanding industrial productivity place the figure closer to ₦17 trillion.
Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) has followed a similar trajectory. From about ₦50.6 billion in 2020, IGR rose to ₦100.7 billion in 2021, climbed to ₦146 billion in 2023, and reached nearly ₦192 billion in 2024. The state is targeting ₦250 billion in 2025 and ₦500 billion by 2026.
The growth has been driven by tax digitisation, the elimination of multiple taxation, improved compliance, and the expansion of industrial activities across the state.
Reflecting its growing economic capacity, Ogun’s 2025 Budget of Hope and Prosperity stood at ₦1.054 trillion, with over ₦600 billion dedicated to capital projects. Infrastructure, education, and healthcare received the largest allocations, reinforcing the administration’s emphasis on long-term development.
## Building Prosperity Through Roads
One of the most visible achievements of the Abiodun administration has been its extensive investment in road infrastructure.
More than 1,700 kilometres of roads have been constructed or rehabilitated across the state since 2019. These projects include the reconstruction of the Abeokuta-Sagamu Expressway and intervention works on the Lagos-Ota-Abeokuta Expressway, one of Nigeria’s busiest commercial corridors.
After more than two decades of jurisdictional disputes stalled progress on the Lagos-Ota-Abeokuta road, the state government secured federal approval and commenced reconstruction in 2024.
Road projects have also been executed across industrial and agricultural corridors in Ifo, Sango-Ota, Idiroko, Remo, Yewa, and Ijebu areas, improving mobility, reducing logistics costs, and strengthening economic integration.
For the administration, roads are more than physical infrastructure; they are economic assets that facilitate trade, attract investment, and improve competitiveness.
## The ISEYA Development Framework
The administration’s governance philosophy is encapsulated in its ISEYA agenda—Infrastructure, Social Investment, Education, Youth Empowerment, and Agriculture.
Under this framework, infrastructure development has remained a priority, while investments in healthcare, education, housing, youth development, and agriculture have sought to ensure inclusive growth.
The revitalisation of primary healthcare centres, recruitment of teachers, rehabilitation of schools, support for small businesses, youth skills acquisition programmes, and agricultural interventions have all contributed to improvements in human capital development.
The strong citizen perception scores recorded in the pSPI suggest that residents are experiencing tangible benefits from these investments.
## Gateway Airport and Aviation Connectivity
A major milestone in the administration’s infrastructure drive was the completion of the Gateway International Agro-Cargo Airport.
The airport received its first commercial flight in February 2023, marking a historic moment for Ogun State. Strategically located to serve industrial clusters along the Lagos-Ogun corridor, the facility was designed to provide manufacturers and exporters with faster logistics options and strengthen the state’s export competitiveness.
The project has received commendation from prominent national figures, including former President Olusegun Obasanjo and former Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, both of whom described it as a significant economic asset.
Complementing the airport is the Gateway Airline initiative, aimed at improving regional connectivity and supporting business travel.
## Kajola and Mojoda Dry Ports: Redefining Logistics
Among the administration’s most transformative economic initiatives are the Kajola and Mojoda Dry Ports.
The Kajola Dry Port, located near the Lagos-Ibadan Railway corridor, was conceived as an inland cargo terminal that enables importers and exporters to process goods closer to their businesses rather than relying exclusively on congested seaports.
The facility is supported by the Kajola Specialised Railway Industrial Free Trade Zone, a partnership expected to unlock substantial industrial investment and employment opportunities.
In 2025, the Federal Government approved a second dry port in Mojoda, Ijebu-Ode. Situated on 130 hectares, the facility is expected to serve as a major cargo consolidation and distribution hub for the Southwest region.
Together, both projects position Ogun as a critical logistics gateway for Nigeria’s manufacturing and export sectors.
## Industrial Expansion Across the State
Ogun remains one of Nigeria’s foremost industrial destinations, with major companies operating within its borders.
The administration has prioritised the rehabilitation of key industrial corridors, particularly the Agbara-Atan-Lusada axis, which hosts numerous multinational firms.
Improved infrastructure within these industrial zones has enhanced operational efficiency and encouraged further investment.
Beyond Agbara, the state has expanded industrial development through initiatives such as the Remo Economic Industrial Cluster, a partnership with ARISE Integrated Industrial Platforms valued at approximately $400 million.
These efforts have ensured that industrial growth is spread across the state’s three senatorial districts.
## A Multimodal Transport Strategy
Governor Abiodun’s long-term vision extends beyond roads.
The administration is pursuing a multimodal transport strategy that integrates road, rail, air, and maritime infrastructure. Existing rail connections, the Gateway Airport, proposed port projects, and an extensive road network are being developed as interconnected assets designed to reduce transportation costs and improve supply chain efficiency.
This integrated approach strengthens Ogun’s position as a strategic logistics hub serving both Nigeria and the wider West African market.
## Creating an Investor-Friendly Environment
Infrastructure development has been matched by reforms aimed at improving the ease of doing business.
Through agencies such as OgunInvest and the Business Environment Council, the administration has streamlined investment processes, digitised tax administration, reduced bureaucratic bottlenecks, and actively engaged local and international investors.
The results have been significant. Ogun now hosts more than 6,000 registered industries and continues to attract substantial domestic and foreign investments across manufacturing, logistics, tourism, housing, and agro-processing.
The state’s growing reputation as a business-friendly destination has further strengthened its economic profile and revenue base.
## The Phillips Consulting Verdict
The 2025 State Performance Index evaluated states across key indicators, including fiscal management, infrastructure, healthcare, education, economic performance, and citizen satisfaction.
Ogun’s second-place ranking confirms that its development is the product of deliberate policy choices and sustained execution rather than geographical advantage alone.
The assessment also validates the administration’s ISEYA framework, demonstrating that strategic investments in infrastructure, human capital, and economic development can deliver measurable outcomes.
## A Model of Deliberate Development
The transformation of Ogun State under Governor Dapo Abiodun illustrates how governance can drive economic growth when policies are designed to complement one another.
Roads improved access to industrial hubs. Industrial growth expanded the tax base. Increased revenues funded additional infrastructure, while logistics projects strengthened the state’s attractiveness to investors.
From GDP growth and rising internally generated revenue to extensive road construction, aviation infrastructure, dry ports, industrial expansion, and national recognition through the pSPI ranking, Ogun State’s development trajectory reflects a deliberate effort to position the state as one of Nigeria’s leading economic centres.
As major projects near completion and new investments continue to flow in, the challenge ahead will be sustaining the momentum and consolidating the gains already achieved.
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